কয়লা

কয়লা (Coal) হৈছে মাটিৰ অন্তৰ্ভাগৰ স্তৰত পোৱা দহনশীল এক গেদীয় শিল। ইয়াক মূলতঃ ইন্ধন হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। মুঠ উৎপাদিত শক্তিৰ ৩৫-৪০% কয়লাৰ পৰা আহে। কয়লা প্ৰধানকৈ কাৰ্বনৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত হয় আৰু তাৰ লগতে হাইড্ৰ্'জেন, ছালফাৰ, অম্লজান আৰু নাইট্ৰ'জেনও কিছু পৰিমাণে থাকে। বেলেগ বেলেগ প্ৰকাৰৰ কয়লাত কাৰ্বনৰ পৰিমাণো ভিন্ন।

শ্ৰেণী বিভাজন

কয়লাক ৪টা শ্ৰেণীত ভাগ কৰা হয়:

• পীট
• লিগনাইট
• বিটুমিনচ
• এনথ্ৰাচাইট

World coal reserves

The 948 billion short tons of recoverable coal reserves estimated by the Energy Information Administration are equal to about 4,196 BBOE (billion barrels of oil equivalent).^১ The amount of coal burned during 2007 was estimated at 7.075 billion short tons, or 133.179 quadrillion BTU's.^২ This is an average of 18.8 million BTU per short ton. In terms of heat content, this is about 57000000 oilbbl of oil equivalent per day. By comparison in 2007, natural gas provided 51000000 oilbbl of oil equivalent per day, while oil provided 85800000 oilbbl per day.

BP, in its 2007 report, estimated at 2006 end that there were 147 years Reserves-to-production ratio based on proven coal reserves worldwide. This figure only includes reserves classified as "proven"; exploration drilling programs by mining companies, particularly in under-explored areas, are continually providing new reserves. In many cases, companies are aware of coal deposits that have not been sufficiently drilled to qualify as "proven". However, some nations haven't updated their information and assume reserves remain at the same levels even with withdrawals. Speculative projections predict that global Peak coal production may occur sometime around 2025 at 30 percent above current production, depending on future coal production rates.^৩

Of the three fossil fuels, coal has the most widely distributed reserves; coal is mined in over 100 countries, and on all continents except Antarctica. The largest reserves are found in the USA, Russia, China, India and Australia. Note the table below.

কয়লা উৎপাদনকাৰী প্ৰধান দেশসমূহ

লগতে চাওক: কয়লা উৎপাদন অনুসৰি দেশৰ তালিকা

The reserve life is an estimate based only on current production levels and proved reserves level for the countries shown, and makes no assumptions of future production or even current production trends. Countries with annual production higher than 100 million tonnes are shown. For comparison, data for the European Union is also shown. Shares are based on data expressed in tonnes oil equivalent.

কয়লা ৰপ্তানি কৰা প্ৰধান দেশসমূহ

Countries with annual gross export higher than 10 million tonnes are shown. In terms of net export the largest exporters are still অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া (328.1 millions tonnes), ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া (316.2) and ৰাছিয়া (100.2).

কয়লা আমদানী কৰা প্ৰধান দেশসমূহ

Countries with annual gross import higher than 20 million tonnes are shown. In terms of net import the largest importers are still জাপান (206.0 millions tonnes), চীন (172.4) and দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া (125.8).^১০

বাহ্যিক সংযোগ

• Walter Licht, Thomas Dublin. (2005). The Face of Decline: The Pennsylvania Anthracite Region in the Twentieth Century. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-8473-1
• Long, Priscilla. (1991). Where the Sun Never Shines: A History of America's Bloody Coal Industry. Paragon House. ISBN 1557784655
• Rottenberg, Dan. (2003). In the Kingdom of Coal; An American Family and the Rock That Changed the World. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93522-9
• Robert H. Williams and Eric D. Larson. (2003). A comparison of direct and indirect liquefaction technologies for making fluid fuels from coal. Energy for Sustainable Development. পৃ. 103–129