জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তন

বৰ্তমান সময়ত জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তন (Climate change)ৰ ভিতৰত গোলকীয় উষ্ণতা বৃদ্ধি (Global warming)—গোলকীয় গড় উষ্ণতা ক্ৰমাগত বৃদ্ধি—আৰু পৃথিৱীৰ জলবায়ু তন্ত্ৰত ইয়াৰ বহল প্ৰভাৱ দুয়োটাই অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। বহল অৰ্থত জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ ভিতৰত পৃথিৱীৰ জলবায়ুৰ পূৰ্বৰ দীৰ্ঘম্যাদী পৰিৱৰ্তনসমূহো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। আধুনিক যুগৰ বিশ্বৰ উষ্ণতা বৃদ্ধিৰ কাৰণ হৈছে মানুহৰ কাৰ্যকলাপ, বিশেষকৈ শিল্প বিপ্লৱৰ পিছৰ পৰা জীৱাশ্ম ইন্ধন (কয়লা, তেল আৰু প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছ)ৰ দহন।^১২ জীৱাশ্ম ইন্ধনৰ ব্যৱহাৰ, বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস, আৰু কিছুমান কৃষি আৰু ঔদ্যোগিক পদ্ধতিৰ দ্বাৰা সেউজ গৃহ গেছ নিৰ্গত হয়।^৩ এই গেছবোৰে সূৰ্যৰ পোহৰৰ পৰা পৃথিৱীয়ে উষ্ণ হোৱাৰ পিছত বিকিৰণ কৰা তাপৰ কিছু অংশ শোষণ কৰি নিম্ন বায়ুমণ্ডল উষ্ণ কৰি তোলে। গোলকীয় উষ্ণতা বৃদ্ধিৰ প্ৰধান কাৰক কাৰ্বন ডাই অক্সাইড গেছৰ ঘনত্ব প্ৰাক-ঔদ্যোগিক যুগৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৫০% বৃদ্ধি পাই লাখ লাখ বছৰ ধৰি দেখা নোপোৱা মাত্ৰাত উপনীত হৈছে।^৪

জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনে পৰিৱেশৰ ওপৰত ক্ৰমান্বয়ে বৃহৎ প্ৰভাৱ পেলায়। মৰুভূমিৰ প্ৰসাৰ ঘটিছে, আনহাতে তাপ প্ৰবাহ আৰু বনজুই অধিক সাধাৰণ হৈ পৰিছে।^৫ আৰ্কটিকত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা উষ্ণতাই পাৰ্মাফ্ৰষ্ট গলি যোৱা, হিমবাহৰ পিছুৱাই যোৱা আৰু সাগৰীয় বৰফৰ হ্ৰাসত অৰিহণা যোগাইছে।^৬ অধিক উষ্ণতাৰ বাবেও অধিক তীব্ৰ ধুমুহা, খৰাং আৰু অন্যান্য বতৰৰ চৰম পৰিস্থিতিৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছে।^৭ পৰ্বত, প্ৰবাল প্ৰাচীৰ আৰু উত্তৰ মেৰু অঞ্চলৰ দ্ৰুত পৰিৱেশ পৰিৱৰ্তনে বহু প্ৰজাতি স্থানান্তৰিত হ’বলৈ বা বিলুপ্ত হ’বলৈ বাধ্য কৰাইছে।^৮ ভৱিষ্যতে উষ্ণতা কম কৰাৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা সফল হ’লেও কিছুমান প্ৰভাৱ শতিকাজুৰি চলি থাকিব। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত সাগৰৰ উত্তাপ, সাগৰৰ অম্লীয়কৰণ আৰু সাগৰৰ জলপৃষ্ঠ বৃদ্ধি।^৯

জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনে মানুহক বানপানী বৃদ্ধি, অতি উত্তাপ, খাদ্য আৰু পানীৰ অভাৱ বৃদ্ধি, অধিক ৰোগ আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক ক্ষতিৰ ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে।^১০ মানৱ প্ৰব্ৰজন আৰু সংঘৰ্ষও ইয়াৰ পৰিণতি হʼব পাৰে।^১১ বিশ্ব স্বাস্থ্য সংস্থাই জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনক একবিংশ শতিকাৰ বিশ্ব স্বাস্থ্যৰ বাবে অন্যতম বৃহৎ ভাবুকি বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছে।^১২ উষ্ণতা সীমিত কৰাৰ কোনো ব্যৱস্থা গ্ৰহণ নকৰাকৈ সমাজ আৰু পৰিৱেশ তন্ত্ৰই অধিক ভয়াৱহ বিপদৰ সন্মুখীন হ’ব।^১৩ বান নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ ব্যৱস্থা বা খৰাং প্ৰতিৰোধী শস্যৰ দৰে প্ৰচেষ্টাৰ জৰিয়তে জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ লগত খাপ খুৱাই লোৱাটোৱে জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ আশংকা আংশিকভাৱে হ্ৰাস কৰে যদিও ইতিমধ্যে অভিযোজনৰ কিছু সীমাত উপনীত হৈছে।^১৪ বিশ্বৰ নিৰ্গমনৰ সামান্য অংশৰ বাবে দৰিদ্ৰ সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ দায়ী, তথাপিও তেওঁলোকৰ খাপ খুৱাব পৰা ক্ষমতা কম আৰু জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰতি অতি দুৰ্বল।^১৫১৬

একবিংশ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথম দশকবোৰত জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ বহুতো প্ৰভাৱ দেখা গৈছে, ১৮৫০ চনত নিয়মীয়া অনুসৰণ আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ পিছত ২০২৪ চনত +১.৬০ ডিগ্ৰী চেলছিয়াছ (২.৮৮ ডিগ্ৰী ফাৰেনহাইট)ত সৰ্বাধিক উষ্ণতা দেখা গৈছে।^১৭১৮ অতিৰিক্ত উষ্ণতাই এই প্ৰভাৱ বৃদ্ধি কৰিব আৰু টিপিং পইণ্টৰ সূচনা কৰিব পাৰে, যেনে গ্ৰীনলেণ্ডৰ সকলো বৰফৰ তৰপ গলি যোৱা।^১৯ ২০১৫ চনৰ পেৰিছ চুক্তিৰ অধীনত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে সামূহিকভাৱে উষ্ণতা বৃদ্ধি কৰি ৰাখিবলৈ সন্মত হয় "২ ডিগ্ৰী চেলছিয়াছৰ বহু তলত"। কিন্তু চুক্তিখনৰ অধীনত দিয়া প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতিৰ ফলত শতিকাৰ শেষলৈকে গোলকীয় উষ্ণতা বৃদ্ধিয়ে প্ৰায় ২.৮ ডিগ্ৰী চেলছিয়াছ (৫.০ ডিগ্ৰী ফাৰেনহাইট) পৰ্যন্ত হ’ব।^২০

জলবায়ু সম্পৰ্কীয় ব্যৱস্থাৰ প্ৰতি বিশ্বজুৰি ব্যাপক সমৰ্থন আছে, আৰু বেছিভাগ দেশেই কাৰ্বন ডাই অক্সাইড নিৰ্গমন বন্ধ কৰাৰ লক্ষ্য ৰাখিছে।^২১ জীৱাশ্ম ইন্ধনক ৰাজসাহায্য দিয়া বন্ধ কৰি, শক্তি সংৰক্ষণ কৰি আৰু বিশেষ কাৰ্বন প্ৰদূষণ উৎপন্ন নকৰা শক্তিৰ উৎসলৈ সলনি কৰি পৰ্যায়ক্ৰমে বন্ধ কৰিব পাৰি। এই শক্তিৰ উৎসসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বতাহ, সৌৰ, জল আৰু পাৰমাণৱিক শক্তি আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।^২২ পৰিষ্কাৰভাৱে উৎপাদিত বিদ্যুতে পৰিবহণ, অট্টালিকা গৰম কৰা আৰু ঔদ্যোগিক প্ৰক্ৰিয়া চলোৱাৰ বাবে জীৱাশ্ম ইন্ধনৰ ঠাই লʼব পাৰে।^২৩ বায়ুমণ্ডলৰ পৰাও কাৰ্বন আঁতৰাব পাৰি, উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে বনাঞ্চলৰ আৱৰণ বৃদ্ধি কৰি আৰু মাটিত কাৰ্বন জমা কৰা পদ্ধতিৰে খেতি কৰিব পাৰি।^{২৪২৫২৬}

তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ

উৎস

IPCC reports

Fourth Assessment Report

• IPCC. (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88009-1
  • Le Treut, H.; Somerville, R.; Cubasch, U. (2007). IPCC AR4 WG1 2007. পৃ. 93–127
  • Randall, D. A.; Wood, R. A.; Bony, S. (2007). IPCC AR4 WG1 2007. পৃ. 589–662
  • Hegerl, G. C.; Zwiers, F. W.; Braconnot, P. (2007). IPCC AR4 WG1 2007. পৃ. 663–745
• IPCC. (2007). Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88010-7
  • Schneider, S. H.; Semenov, S.; Patwardhan, A. (2007). IPCC AR4 WG2 2007. পৃ. 779–810
• IPCC. (2007). Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88011-4
  • Rogner, H.-H.; Zhou, D.; Bradley, R. (2007). IPCC AR4 WG3 2007. পৃ. 95–116

Fifth Assessment report

• IPCC. (2013). <!-- Same file, new url per IPCC. --> Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-05799-9 <!-- ISBN in printed source is incorrect. -->. AR5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis – IPCC
  • IPCC. (2013). IPCC AR5 WG1 2013
  • Hartmann, D. L.; Klein Tank, A. M. G.; Rusticucci, M. (2013). IPCC AR5 WG1 2013. পৃ. 159–254
  • Rhein, M.; Rintoul, S. R.; Aoki, S. (2013). IPCC AR5 WG1 2013. পৃ. 255–315
  • Masson-Delmotte, V.; Schulz, M.; Abe-Ouchi, A. (2013). IPCC AR5 WG1 2013. পৃ. 383–464
  • Bindoff, N. L.; Stott, P. A.; AchutaRao, K. M. (2013). IPCC AR5 WG1 2013. পৃ. 867–952
  • Collins, M.; Knutti, R.; Arblaster, J. M. (2013). IPCC AR5 WG1 2013. পৃ. 1029–1136

• IPCC. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-05807-1. Chapters 1–20, SPM, and Technical Summary.
  • Olsson, L.; Opondo, M.; Tschakert, P. (2014). IPCC AR5 WG2 A 2014. পৃ. 793–832
  • Cramer, W.; Yohe, G. W.; Auffhammer, M. (2014). IPCC AR5 WG2 A 2014. পৃ. 979–1037
  • Oppenheimer, M.; Campos, M.; Warren, R. (2014). IPCC AR5 WG2 A 2014. পৃ. 1039–1099
• IPCC. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-05816-3. Chapters 21–30, Annexes, and Index.
  • Larsen, J. N.; Anisimov, O. A.; Constable, A. (2014). IPCC AR5 WG2 B 2014. পৃ. 1567–1612
• IPCC. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-05821-7
  • Lucon, O.; Ürge-Vorsatz, D.; Ahmed, A. (2014). IPCC AR5 WG3 2014
  • Edenhofer, O.; Pichs-Madruga, R.; Sokona, Y. (2014). IPCC AR5 WG3 2014. Cambridge University Press
• IPCC AR5 SYR. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC. ISBN <!-- no isbn -->
  • IPCC. (2014). IPCC AR5 SYR 2014
  • IPCC. (2014). IPCC AR5 SYR 2014

Special Report: Global Warming of 1.5 °C

• IPCC. (2018). Global Warming of 1.5 °C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. ISBN <!-- not issued? --> Global Warming of 1.5 °C –.

• IPCC. (2018). IPCC SR15 2018. পৃ. 3–24
• Allen, M. R.; Dube, O. P.; Solecki, W. (2018). IPCC SR15 2018. পৃ. 49–91
• Rogelj, J.; Shindell, D.; Jiang, K. (2018). IPCC SR15 2018. পৃ. 93–174
• Hoegh-Guldberg, O.; Jacob, D.; Taylor, M. (2018). IPCC SR15 2018. পৃ. 175–311
• de Coninck, H.; Revi, A.; Babiker, M. (2018). IPCC SR15 2018. পৃ. 313–443
• Roy, J.; Tschakert, P.; Waisman, H. (2018). IPCC SR15 2018. পৃ. 445–538

Special Report: Climate change and Land

• IPCC. (2019). IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse gas fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. In press

• IPCC. (2019). IPCC SRCCL 2019. পৃ. 3–34
• Jia, G.; Shevliakova, E.; Artaxo, P. E. (2019). IPCC SRCCL 2019. পৃ. 131–247
• Mbow, C.; Rosenzweig, C.; Barioni, L. G. (2019). IPCC SRCCL 2019. পৃ. 437–550

Special Report: The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

• IPCC. (2019). IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. In press. ISBN <!-- Not yet assigned -->

• IPCC. (2019). IPCC SROCC 2019. পৃ. 3–35
• Oppenheimer, M.; Glavovic, B.; Hinkel, J. (2019). IPCC SROCC 2019. পৃ. 321–445
• Bindoff, N. L.; Cheung, W. W. L.; Kairo, J. G. (2019). IPCC SROCC 2019. পৃ. 447–587

Sixth Assessment Report

• IPCC. (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press (In Press)
  • IPCC. (2021). IPCC AR6 WG1 2021
  • Arias, Paola A.; Bellouin, Nicolas; Coppola, Erika. (2021). IPCC AR6 WG1 2021
  • Gulev, Sergey K.; Thorne, Peter W.; Ahn, Jinho. (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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  • Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Zhang, Xuebin; Adnan, M. (2021). IPCC AR6 WG1 2021
• IPCC. (2022). Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-32584-4
  • IPCC. (2022). IPCC AR6 WG2 2022. পৃ. 3–33. ISBN 978-1-009-32584-4
  • IPCC. (2022). IPCC AR6 WG2 2022. পৃ. 37–118. ISBN 978-1-009-32584-4
  • Bezner Kerr, R.; Hasegawa, T.; Lasco, R. (2022). IPCC AR6 WG2 2022. পৃ. 713–906. ISBN 978-1-009-32584-4
  • Dodman, D.; Hayward, B.; Pelling, M. (2022). IPCC AR6 WG2 2022. পৃ. 907–1040. ISBN 978-1-009-32584-4
  • O'Neill, B.; van Aalst, M.; Zaiton Ibrahim, Z. (2022). IPCC AR6 WG2 2022. পৃ. 2411–2538. ISBN 978-1-009-32584-4
• IPCC. (2022). Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-15792-6
  • IPCC. (2022). IPCC AR6 WG3 2022
  • Pathak, M.; Slade, R.; Shukla, P.R. (2022). IPCC AR6 WG3 2022. পৃ. 51–148. ISBN 978-1-009-15792-6
  • Riahi, K.; Schaeffer, R.; Arango, J. (2022). IPCC AR6 WG3 2022. পৃ. 295–408. ISBN 978-1-009-15792-6
  • Patt, Anthony; Rajamani, Lavanya; Bhandari, Preety. (2022). Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
• IPCC. (2023). Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC. ISBN 978-92-9169-164-7
  • IPCC. (2023). IPCC AR6 SYR 2023

Other peer-reviewed sources

• Albrecht, Bruce A. (1989). Aerosols, Cloud Microphysics, and Fractional Cloudiness. Science. পৃ. 1227–1239
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বাহ্যিক সংযোগ

• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: IPCC (IPCC)
• UN: Climate Change (UN)
• Met Office: Climate Guide (Met Office)
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: Climate (NOAA)
• Royal Society. Climate change: Evidence and causes (Royal Society)